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Wednesday, 12 August 2015

2.8.1 Basic Static Route Configuration Lab

Device	Interface	IP Address	Subnet Mask	Default Gateway
R1	Fa0/0	172.16.3.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
R1	S0/0/0	172.16.2.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
R2	Fa0/0	172.16.1.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
	S0/0/0	172.16.2.2	255.255.255.0	N/A
	S0/0/1	192.168.1.2	255.255.255.0	N/A
R3	Fa0/0	192.168.2.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
R3	S0/0/1	192.168.1.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
PC1	NIC	172.16.3.10	255.255.255.0	172.16.3.1
PC2	NIC	172.16.1.10	255.255.255.0	172.16.1.1
PC3	NIC	192.168.2.10	255.255.255.0	192.168.2.1

Learning Objectives:

· Cable a network according to the topology diagram.
· Erase the startup configuration and reload a router to the default state.
· Perform basic configuration tasks on a router.
· Interpret debug ip routing output.
· Configure and activate Serial and Ethernet interfaces.
· Test connectivity.
· Gather information to discover causes for lack of connectivity between devices.
· Configure static route using an intermediate address.
· Configure static route using an exit interface.
· Compare static w/intermediate address to static w/exit interface.
· Configure a default static route.
· Configure a summary static route.
· Document the network implementation.

Scenario

In this lab activity, you will create a network that is similar to the one shown in the Topology Diagram. Begin by cabling the network as shown in the Topology Diagram. You will then perform the initial router configurations required for connectivity. Use the IP addresses that are provided in the Topology Diagram to apply an addressing scheme to the network devices. After completing the basic configuration, test connectivity between the devices on the network. First test the connections between directly connected devices, then test connectivity between devices that are not directly connected. Static routes must be configured on the routers for end-to-end communication to take place between the network hosts. You will configure the static routes that are needed to allow communication between the hosts. View the routing table after each static route is added to observe how the routing table has changed

Task 1: Erase, and reload the Routers.

Step 1 – Cable the LAN for the PC's in the topology diagram.

Step 2 – Clear the configuration on each of routers using the erase startup-config command and then reload the routers. Answer ‘no’ if asked to save changes.

Task 2: Basic Router Configuration.

Note: If you are having difficulty with any of the commands in this task, refer to Lab 1.5.1: Basic Router Configuration.

Step 1 – On the routers, enter global configuration mode and configure the basic global configurations commands including:

· hostname
· no ip domain-lookup
· enable secret
Do not configure the interfaces.

Step 2 – Configure the console and virtual terminal line passwords on each of the routers.

· Password
· login

Task 3: Interpreting Debug Output.

Note: If you already configured IP addressing on R1, please remove all the interface commands now before proceeding. Furthermore, R2 and R3 should be configured through the end of “Task 2: Basic Router Configuration”.

Step 1 – On R1 from privileged EXEC mode, enter the debug ip routing command.

R1# debug ip routing.
IP routing debugging is on.

The debug ip routing command will show when routes are added, modified and deleted from the routing table. For example, every time you successfully configure and activate an interface, Cisco IOS adds a route to the routing table. We can verify this by observing output from the debug ip routing command.

Step 2 – Enter interface configuration mode for R1’s LAN interface.

R1#configure terminal.
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R1(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0

Configure the ip address as specified in the Topology Diagram.

R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0.
is_up: 0 state: 6 sub state: 1 line: 1 has_route: False

As soon as you press the enter key, Cisco IOS debug output informs you that there is now a route, but its state is “False”. In other words, the route has not yet been added to the routing table. Why did this occur and what steps should be taken to insure the route is entered into the routing table?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Step 3 Enter the command necessary to install the route in the routing table.

If you are not sure what the command is, review the discussion in Section 2.2: Directly Connected Networks.

R1(config-if)#________________________________

After you enter the correct command, you should see debug output. Your output may be slightly different.
is_up: 1 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 1 has_route: False
RT: add 172.16.3.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]
RT: NET-RED 172.16.3.0/24
RT: NET-RED queued, Queue size 1
RT: interface FastEthernet0/0 added to routing table
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
is_up: 1 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 1 has_route: True
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, chan
ged state to up
is_up: 1 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 1 has_route: True
is_up: 1 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 1 has_route: True

The new network you configured on the LAN interface is now added to the routing table as shown in the output.

If you do not see the route added to the routing table, then the interface did not come up. Use the following systematic process to troubleshoot your connection.

1. Check your physical connections to the LAN interface.
Is the correct interface attached? For example, your router may have more than one LAN interface. Did you connect the correct LAN interface? ________
An interface will not come up unless it detects a link beat a carrier detect signal at the physical layer from another device. Is the interface connected to another device such as a hub, switch or PC? _________

2. Check link lights. Are all link lights blinking? ________

3. Check the cabling. Are the correct cables connected to the devices? __________

4. Has the interface been activated or enabled?________

If you can answer ‘yes’ to all the proceeding questions, then the interface should come up.

Step 4 Enter the command to verify that the new route is now in the routing table.

Your output should look similar to the following output. There should now be one route in the table for R1. What command did you use?

R1#__________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Step 5 Enter interface configuration mode for R1’s WAN interface connected to R2.

R1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
Configure the ip address as specified in the Topology Diagram.

R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
is_up: 0 state: 0 sub state: 1 line: 0 has_route: False

As soon as you press the enter key, Cisco IOS debug output informs you that there is now a route, but its state is “False”. Since R1 is the DCE side of our lab environment, we must specify how fast bits will be clocked between R1 and R2.

Step 6 Enter the clock rate command on R1.

You can specify any valid clocking speed. Use the ? to find the valid rates. Here, we used 64000 bps.
R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000

Step 7 Enter the command necessary to insure the interface is fully configured.

R1(config-if)#____________________
After you enter the correct command, you should see debug output similar to the following:

is_up: 0 state: 0 sub state: 1 line: 0 has_route: False
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down

Unlike the LAN interface, fully configuring the WAN interface is not always enough to have the route entered in the routing table even if your cable connections are correct. The other side of the WAN link must also be configured. /u>

Step 8 If possible, establish a separate terminal session with R2. Click on R2

This will allow you to observe the debug output on R2 when you make changes on R1. You can also turn on debug ip routing on R2.

R2#debug ip routing
IP routing debugging is on

Enter interface configuration mode for R2’s WAN interface connected to R1.

R2#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R2(config)# interface serial 0/0/0

Configure the ip address as specified in the Topology Diagram.

R2(config-if)# ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
is_up: 0 state: 6 sub state: 1 line: 0

Enter the command necessary to insure the interface is fully configured.
If you are not sure what the command is, review the discussion in Section 2.2: Directly Connected Networks.

R2(config-if)#_________________________

After you enter the correct command, you should see debug output similar to the following:

is_up: 0 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 0 <%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up
is_up: 1 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 0
RT: add 172.16.2.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]
RT: interface Serial0/0/0 added to routing table
is_up: 1 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 0
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up
is_up: 1 state: 4 sub state: 1 line: 0

The new network you configured on the LAN interface is now added to the routing table as shown in the highlighted output.

If you do not see the route added to the routing table, then the interface did not come up. Use the following systematic process to troubleshoot your connection.

1. Check your physical connections between the two WAN interfaces for R1 and R2.
Is the correct interface attached? For example, your router has more than one WAN interface. Did you connect the correct WAN interface? ________
An interface will not come up unless it detects a link beat at the physical layer from another device. Is the interface connected to the other router’s interface? _________

2. Check link lights. Are all link lights blinking? ________

3. Check the cabling. R1 must have the DCE side of the cable attached and R2 must have the DTE side of the cable attached.
Are the correct cables connected to the routers? __________

4. Has the interface been activated or enabled?________

If you can answer ‘yes’ to all the proceeding questions, then the interface should come up.

Step 9 Enter the command to verify that the new route is now in the routing table for R1 and R2.

Your output should look similar to the following output. There should now be two routes in the routing table for R1 and one route in the table for R2. What command did you use?

R1#___________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 R1#

R2#____________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R2#

Step 10 Turn off debugging on both routers using either no debug ip routing or simply, undebug all.

R1(config-if)# end
R1#no debug ip routing
IP routing debugging is off.

Task 4: Configure IP Addressing on the Host PCs.

Step 1 - Configure the host PC1 with an IP address of 172.16.3.10/24 and a default gateway of 172.16.3.1.

Step 2 - Configure the host PC2 with an IP address of 172.16.1.10/24 and a default gateway of 172.16.1.1.

Step 3 - Configure the host PC3 with an IP address of 192.168.2.10/24 and a default gateway of 192.168.2.1.

Task 5: Test and Verify the Configurations.

Step 1 -Test connectivity by pinging from each host to the default gateway that has been configured for that host.

From the host PC1, is it possible to ping the default gateway? _____________

From the host PC2, is it possible to ping the default gateway? _____________

From the host PC3, is it possible to ping the default gateway? _____________

If the answer is no for any of the above questions, troubleshoot the configurations to find the error using the following systematic process:

1. Check the cabling.
Are the PCs physically connected to the correct router? ______
(Connection could be through a switch or directly)
Are link lights blinking on all relevant ports? _______

2. Check the PC configurations.
Do they match the Topology Diagram? _______

3. Check the router interfaces using the show ip interface brief command.
Are all relevant interfaces “up” and “up”? ________

If your answer to all three steps is “yes”, then you should be able to successfully ping the default gateway.

Step 2 Use the ping command to test connectivity between directly connected routers.

From the router R2, is it possible to ping R1 at 172.16.2.1? _____________

From the router R2, is it possible to ping R3 at 192.168.1.1? _____________

If the answer is no for any of the above questions, troubleshoot the configurations to find the error using the following systematic process:

1. Check the cabling.
Are the routers physically connected? ______
Are link lights blinking on all relevant ports? _______

2. Check the router configurations.
Do they match the Topology Diagram? _______
Did you configure the clock rate command on the DCE side of the link? _______
Has the interface been activated or enabled?________

3. Check the router interfaces using the show ip interface brief command.
Are the interfaces “up” and “up”? ________

If your answer to all three steps is “yes”, then you should be able to successfully ping from R2 to R1 and from R2 to R3.

Step 3 Use ping to check connectivity between devices that are not directly connected.

From the host PC3, is it possible to ping the host PC1? _____________

From the host PC3, is it possible to ping the host PC2? _____________

From the host PC2, is it possible to ping the host PC1? _____________

From the router R1, is it possible to ping router R3? _____________

These pings should all fail. Why?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Task 6: Gather Information.

Step 1 Check the status of the interfaces on each router with the command show ip interface brief.

The following output is for R2.

R2#show ip interface brief

Interface	IP-Address	OK?	Method	Status	Protocol
FastEthernet0/0	172.16.1.1	YES	manual	up	up
FastEthernet0/1	unassigned	YES	manual	administratively down	down
Serial0/0/0	172.16.2.2	YES	manual	up	up
Serial0/0/1	192.168.1.2	YES	manual	up	up

Are all of the relevant interfaces on each router activated? (in the “up” and “up” state?) ________

How many interfaces are activated on R1 and R3? _______

Why are there three activated interfaces on R2? ___________________________________

Step 2 View the routing table information for all three routers

R1#_________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R1#

What networks are present in the Topology Diagram but not in the routing table for R1?

__________________________________________________________________________

R2#_________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
R2#

What networks are present in the Topology Diagram but not in the routing table for R2?

__________________________________________________________________________

R3#_________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

R3#

What networks are present in the Topology Diagram but not in the routing table for R3?

__________________________________________________________________________

Why are all the networks not in the routing tables for each of the routers?

__________________________________________________________________________

What can be added to the network so that devices that are not directly connected can ping each other?

__________________________________________________________________________

Task 7: Configure a Static Route Using a “Next-Hop” Address.

Step 1 To configure static routes with a “next-hop” address.

Router(config)#ip route prefix mask ip-address

Syntax Description:

prefix IP route prefix for the destination hosts or networks.
mask Prefix mask for the destination hosts or networks.
ip-address IP address of the next hop that can be used to reach the destination.

On the R3 router, configure a static route to the 172.16.1.0 network using the Serial 0/0/1 interface of R2 as the next hop address.

R3(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
R3(config)#

Step 2 View the routing table to verify the new static route entry. Notice that the route is coded with an “S”, which means the route is a “static” route.

R3#___________________________

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R3#

With this route entered in the routing table, any packet that matches the first 24, left-most bits of 172.16.1.0/24 will be forwarded to the next-hop router at 192.168.1.2.

What interface will R3 use to forward packets to the 172.16.1.0/24 network? __________

Assume that the following packets have arrived at R3 with the indicated destination addresses. Will R3 discard the packet or forward the packet? If R3 forwards the packet, what interface with R3 send the packet?

Packet	Destination IP	Discard or Forward?	Interface
1	172.16.2.1	__________	__________
2	172.16.1.10	__________	__________
3	192.168.1.2	__________	__________
4	172.16.3.10	__________	__________
5	172.16.2.10	__________	__________

Although R3 will forward packets to destinations for which there is a route, this does not mean that a packet will arrive safely at the final destination.

Step 3 Use ping to check connectivity between the host PC3 and the host PC2.

From the host PC3, is it possible to ping the host PC2? _____________

These pings should fail. The pings will arrive at PC2 if you have configured and verified all devices through “Task 5: Gather Information”. PC2 will send a ping reply back to PC3. However, the ping reply will be discarded at R2 because the R2 does not have a return route to the 192.168.2.0 network in the routing table.

Step 4 On the R2 router, configure a static route to reach the 192.168.2.0 network.

What is the “next hop” address R2 would send a packet destined for the 192.168.2.0/24 network is 192.168.1.1?

R2(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 _________________________
R2(config)#

Step 5 View the routing table to verify the new static route entry.

Notice that the route is coded with an “S”, which means the route is a “static” route.

R2#_______________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1
R2#

Step 6 Use ping to check connectivity between the host PC3 and the host PC2.

From the host PC3, is it possible to ping the host PC2? _____________

This ping should be successful. R2 now has a static route to the R3 LAN.

In the following exercise, fill in the blanks to document the process as the ping travels from source to destination.

1. The ICMP process on PC3 formulates a ping request to PC2 and sends the reply to the IP process.

2. The IP process on PC3 encapsulates the ping packet with a source IP address of _____________________ destination IP address of ____________________.

3. PC3 then frames the packet with the source MAC of (indicate device name) _______ and the destination MAC address of (indicate device name) ________.

4. PC3 then sends the frame out on the media as an encoded bit stream.

5. R3 receives the bit stream on its __________________ interface. The destination MAC address matches the receiving interface’s MAC address, so R3 strips off the Ethernet header.

6. R3 looks up the destination IP address ____________________ in its routing table. This destination has a next-hop IP address of _____________________. The next-hop IP address is reachable out interface ______.

7. R3 encapsulates the packet in an HDLC frame and forwards the frame out the correct interface. (Since this is a point-to-point link, no address is needed. However, the address field in the HDLC packet does contain the value 0x8F.)

8. R2 receives the frame on the ______ interface. Since the frame is HDLSHDLC, R2 strips off the header and looks up the destination IP address of ___________________ in its routing table. This destination address is directly connected to the _____ interface.

9. R2 encapsulate the ping request in a frame with the source MAC of (indicated device name) _______ and the destination MAC address of (indicate device name) _______.

10. R2 then sends the frame out on the media as an encoded bit stream.

11. PC2 receives the bit stream on its _________ interface. The destination MAC address matches the MAC address of PC2, so PC2 strips off the Ethernet header.

12. The IP process on PC2 examines the _________________ IP address to make sure it matches its own IP address. Then PC2 passes the data to the ICMP process.

13. The ICMP process on PC2 formulates a ping reply to PC3 and sends the reply to the IP process.

14. The IP process on PC2 encapsulates the ping packet with a source IP address of _____________________ destination IP address of ____________________.

15. PC2 then frames the packet with the source MAC of (indicate device name) _______ and the destination MAC address of (indicate device name) ________.

16. PC2 then sends the frame out on the media as an encoded bit stream.

17. R2 receives the bit stream on its __________________ interface. The destination MAC address matches the receiving interface’s MAC address, so R2 strips off the Ethernet header.

18. R2 looks up the destination IP address ____________________ in its routing table. This destination has a next-hop IP address of _____________________. The next-hop IP address is reachable out interface ______.

19. R2 encapsulates the packet in an HDLC frame and forwards the frame out the correct interface. (Since this is a point-to-point link, no address is needed. However, the address field in the HDLC packet does contain the value 0x8F.)

20. R3 receives the frame on the ______ interface. Since the frame is HDLC, R3 strips off the header and looks up the destination IP address of ___________________ in its routing table. This destination address is directly connected to the _____ interface.

21. R3 encapsulate the ping request in a frame with the source MAC of (indicated device name) _______ and the destination MAC address of (indicate device name) _______.

22. R3 then sends the frame out on the media as an encoded bit stream.

23. PC3 receives the bit stream on its _________ interface. The destination MAC address matches the MAC address of PC3, so PC3 strips off the Ethernet header.

24. The IP process on PC3 examines the _________________ IP address to make sure it matches its own IP address. Then PC3 passes the data to the ICMP process.

25. ICMP sends a “success” message to the requesting application.

Task 8: Configure a Static Route Using an Exit Interface.

Step 1 To configure static routes with an exit interface specified, use the following syntax:

Using the exit interface instead of the next hop address allows the router to forward the packet without doing a cursory lookup of the next hop network in its routing table.

Router(config)#ip route prefix mask interface-type interface-number

Syntax Description:

Prefix- IP route prefix for the destination hosts or networks.
mask- Prefix mask for the destination hosts or networks.
interface-type-
interface-number- Network interface type and interface number.

On the R3 router, configure a static route to the 172.16.2.0 network using the Serial 0/0/1 interface of the R3 router as the Exit Interface.
R3(config)#ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1
R3(config)#

Step 2 View the routing table to verify the new static route entry.

R3#_________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
S 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
S 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R3#

Use the show running-config command to verify what static routes are currently configured on R3.
R3#show running-config
Building configuration...

!
hostname R3
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0/0
no ip address shutdown
!
interface Serial0/0/1
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0/0/1
!
End
How would you remove either of these routes from the configuration?

_____________________________________________________________________________

Step 3 On the R2 router, configure a static route to the 172.16.3.0 network using the Serial 0/0/0 interface of the R2 router as the Exit Interface.

R2(config)# ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 serial0/0/0
R2(config)#

Step 4 View the routing table to verify the new static route entry.

R2#_________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0 0
S 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1
R2#

Step 5 At this point, R2 has a complete routing table with valid routes to all five networks shown in the topology diagram.

Nevertheless, does this mean that R2 can receive ping replies from all destinations shown in the topology diagram? __________

Why or why not?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Use ping to check connectivity between the host PC2 and PC1. This ping should fail because the R1 router does not have a return route to the 172.16.1.0 network in the routing table.

Task 9: Configure a default static route.

Instead of filling the routing table of R1 with static routes, we could assume that R1 is a “stub router”.
This means that R2 is the default gateway for R1. If R1 has packets to route that do not belong to any of R1 directly connected networks, then R1 should send the packet to R2. However, we must explicitly configure R1 with a default route before it will send packets with unknown destinations to R2. Otherwise, R1 discards packets with unknown destinations.

Step 1 To configure a default static route, use the following syntax.

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 { ip-address | interface }

Configure the R1 router with a default route using the Serial 0/0/0 interface of R2 as the next hop interface.

R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
R1(config)#

Step 2 View the routing table to verify the new static route entry.

Step 3 Use ping to check connectivity between the host PC2 and PC1.

From the host PC2, is it possible to ping the host PC1? _____________

This ping should be successful this time because the R1 router can return the packet using the default route.

From the host PC3, is it possible to ping the host PC1? _____________

Is there a route to the 172.16.3.0 network in the routing table on the R3 router? _____________

Task 10: Configure a Summary Static Route.

We could configure another static route on R3 for the 172.16.3.0 network. However, we already have two static routes to 172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.1.0/24. Since these networks are so close together, we can summarize them into one route.

Looking at the three networks at the binary level, we can a common boundary at the 22nd bit from the left.

172.16.1.0 10101100.00010000.00000001.00000000
172.16.2.0 10101100.00010000.00000010.00000000
172.16.3.0 10101100.00010000.00000011.00000000

The prefix portion will include 172.16.0.0, because this would be the prefix if we turned off all the bits to the right of the 22nd bit.
Prefix 172.16.0.0

To mask the first 22, left-most bits, we use a mask with 22 bits turned on from left to right:
Bit Mask 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
This, in dotted-decimal format, is... Mask 255.255.252.0

Step 1 Configure the summary static route on the R3 router. The network to be used in the summary route is 172.16.0.0/22

R3(config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0 192.168.1.2

Verify the summary route is installed in the routing table.

R3#________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
S 172.16.0.0/22 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
S 172.16.1.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
S 172.16.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

R3#
Configuring a summary route on R3 did not remove the static routes configured earlier because these routes are more specific routes. They both use /24 mask whereas the new summary will be using a /22 mask. To reduce the size of the routing table, we can now remove the more specific /24 routes.

Step 2 Remove the two static routes that are currently configured on R3 by using the ‘no’ form of the command.

R3(config)# no ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
R3(config)# no ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0/0/1
Verify the routes are no longer in the routing table.

R3#_________________________
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/22 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 172.16.0.0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R3#

R3 now only has one route to any host belonging to networks 172.16.0.0/24, 172.16.1.0/24, 172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/24. Traffic destined for these networks will be sent to R2 at 192.168.1.2.

Step 3 Use ping to check connectivity between the host PC3 and PC1.

From the host PC3, is it possible to ping the host PC1? _____________

This ping should be successful this time because there is a route to the 172.16.3.0 network on the R3 router, and the R1 router can return the packet using the default route.

Task 11: Summary, Reflection and Documentation.

With the completion of this lab, you have configured your first network with a combination of static and default routing to provide full connectivity to all networks.

You have observed how a route is installed in the routing table when you correctly configure and activate an interface.

You have learned how to statically configure routes to destinations that are not directly connected.

You have learned how to configure a default route that is used to forward packets to unknown destinations.

In addition, you have learned how to summarize a group of networks into one static route to reduce the size of a routing table.

Along the way, you have also probably encountered some problems either in your physical lab setup or in your configurations. Hopefully, you have learned to systematically troubleshoot such problems.

At this point, record any comments or notes that may help you in future labs.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Finally, you should document your network implementation. On each router, capture the following command output to a text file and save for future reference.

· show running-config
· show ip route
· show ip interface brief

If you need to review the procedures for capturing command output, refer to Lab 1.5.1

Task 12: Cleanup.

Erase the configurations and reload the routers. Disconnect and store the cabling. For PC hosts that are normally connected to other networks (such as the school LAN or to the Internet), reconnect the appropriate cabling and restore the TCP/IP settings.

Tuesday, 11 August 2015

Kikir = Susah untuk berbagi atau susah untuk memberi
Murah hati = Tidak gampang tersinggung, mau memberi, mau berbagi.

Bebal = Susah diatur, susah dibentuk, tidak mau dinasehati

Sombong, congkak, angkuh = Menganggap lebih penting, lebih superior (tinggi hati)

Saturday, 8 August 2015

Renew the history

0. Akhir perang dunia kedua:
1. Bencana meteor Chernobyl, Ukraina Utara: 26 April 1986
2. Kontrak tambang PT. Freeport di Mimika, Papua dimulai, Indonesia: Apr 7 1967
3. Penandatanganan perpanjangan kontrak PT. Freeport Generasi V untuk 30 tahun: Des 30 1991.
2. El Nino, Indonesia: 1997
3. Turunnya Soeharto, Jakarta, Indonesia: May 21 1997
4. Naiknya B. J. Habibie sebagai Presiden R. I. selama satu tahun enam bulan, Jakarta, Indonesia:
4. Krisis utang Yunani pertama, Yunani: 2009 akhir
1. George W. Bush dilantik, Washington D.C, Amerika: Jan 21 2001
1. WTC boombing, New York, Amerika: 07/11/2001
1. Penyerangan Amerika pertama kali ke Afghanistan, Afghanistan, Middle East: Sept 2001
1. Terbentuknya Negara timor leste dan diakui, Timor Leste: Mei 20 2002
2. Indonesian Tsunami, Aceh & Nias, Indonesia: Des 24 2004
3. Gunung Merapi meletus, Indonesia, Jogjakarta: Okt 26 2013
3. Japan Tsunami: Mar 11 2011
4. Israel attack Gaza part I: Dec 27 2008 - Jan 18 2009
5. Obama inauguration as the president of the united states: Jan 20 2009
6. Virus MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) pertama kali muncul, Arab Saudi: 2012
6. Rusian meteor strike: Feb 15 2013
7. Pope francis (266th pope) inauguration, Vatikan, Italia: Mar 13 2013
8. Obama second inauguration, Amerika: January 21 2013
Bella Saphira became a moslem, Indonesia, Jakarta: Jul 26 2013
9. Ibu Walikota Risma resmi menjabat sebagai walikota Surabaya, Sep 28 2013
10. Pesawat Air Asia QZ8501 rute Surabaya-Singapura Jatuh, Indonesia: Des 28 2014
12. Pesawat Malaysia Airlines MH17 ditembak jatuh:
11. Pesawat Malaysia Airline MH370 hilang kontak: 8 Maret 2014
11. Pesawat Hercules jatuh C130B:

8. Israel attack Gaza part II:
Korea Utara menentukan zona waktunya sendiri, Pyongyang, Korea Utara: Aug 08 2015

Skills sampai saat ini:
1. Design IP addressing scheme
-
- Subnet an adress space given requirement
2. Troubleshooting IP routing

noun

a raving or violently insane person; lunatic.

any intemperate or overly zealous or enthusiastic person:

a maniac when it comes to details.

adjective

maniacal.

Friday, 7 August 2015

PC1-H1-R1-S1-R2-R3-PC3

Dynamic Routing
1. Enter RIP as the dynamic routing protocol on R2, R3 and R4
2. Verify static and dynamic routes
3. Enter a static route on R2 to reach R1's LAN
4. View the RIP routing updates in simulation mode

1. Enter RIP as the dynamic routing protocol on R2, R3 and R4
2. Verify static and dynamic routes
Step 1: Verify routing tables on each router
Step 2: Examine the routing table on R1
Step 3: Ping from R3 to PC1
3. Enter a static route on R2 to reach R1's LAN
Step 1: Configuring a static route on R2
Step 2: Examine the routing table on R2
Step 3: Ping from R3 to PC1
Step 4: Check result in the activity window
4. View the RIP routing updates in simulation mode
Step 1: Changing from realtime to simulation mode
Step 2: Filter the traffic so that only RIP packets will be viewed
Step 3: Start the simulation

Thursday, 6 August 2015

1. Access router R2 CLI
2. Enter the privileged mode using enable command

3.2.2 Characteristics of IGP and EGP routing protocols

1. Investigate Autonomous System (AS) 2
2. Investigate Autonomous System (AS) 3
3. Test connectivity between Autonomous System 2 and Autonomous System 3
4. Create a default route to the ISP (AS1)
5. Investigate the ISP Router (Autonomous System 1)
6. Create static routes from the ISP into AS2 and AS3
7. Reflection

Sebelumnya:
AS2 terdiri dari cluster 0 dan 1
AS3 terdiri dari cluster 0 dan 1

Task details of:
1. Investigate Autonomous System 2 (AS2) adalah:
- Melengkapi tabel yang diberi label AS2 cluster 1 dengan alamat IP dan subnet mask yang tepat
- Menginvestigasi routing protocol apa yang sedang digunakan di Autonomous System ini: melihat show ip protocol di setiap router.
- Menginvestigasi autonomous system number yang digunakan Company ini:
Autonomous system number Company ini = 2
- Melihat routing table di setiap router
- Mendokomentasi jaringan-jaringan yang setiap router cantumkan di tabel routing-nya
- Mendokumentasi jaringan yang tidak tercantum di semua router atau dengan kata lain jaringan yang tidak diadvertise di cluster 0 ini.

Wednesday, 5 August 2015

Apa sebenarnya ide dasar routing protocol?
Memberitahu apa yang kamu tahu ke tetanggamu

Basic RIPv2 Configuration Lab
1. Cable the network
2. Load the routers with the supplied scripts
3. Examine the current status of the network
4. Examine the automatic summarization of routes
5. Disable automatic summarization
6. Examine the routing tables
7. Verify network connectivity

RIPv2 Challenge Configuration Lab
1. Subnet the address space
2. Determine Interface address
3. Prepare the network
4. Perform Basic Router configurations
5. Configure and acivate serial and fast ethernet address
6. Verify connectivity to next-hop device
7. Configure RIPv2 routing on the Branch router
8. Configure RIPv2 and static routing on HQ
9. Configure static routing on the ISP router
10. Verify the configurations

Basic OSPF configuration lab
2. Basic router configurations
3. Configure and activate serial and ethernet address
4. Configure OSPF on the R1 router
5. Configure OSPF on the R2 and R3 routers
6. Configure OSPF Router IDs
7. Verify OSPF operation
8. Examine OSPF routes in the routing tables
9. Configure OSPF cost
10. Redistribute an OSPF default route
11. Verifying OSPF

Challenge OSPF configuration LAB
1. Subnet the address space
2. Determine Interface address
3. Prepare the network
4. Perform Basic Router Configurations
5. Configure and Activate Serial and Ethernet Address
6. Verify connectivity to next hop device
7. Configure OSPF routing on the Branch1 Router
8. Configure OSPF and static routing on the HQ Router
9. Configure OSPF routing on the Branch2 Router
10. Verify the configurations
11. Reflection

Basic EIGRP configuration lab

1. Prepare network
2. Perform Basic Router configuration
3. Configure and activate serial and ethernet address
4. Configure EIGRP on the R1 router
5. Configure EIGRP on the R2 and R3 router
6. Verify EIGRP operation
7. Examine EIGRP Routes in the Routing tables
8. Configure EIGRP metrics
9. Examine Successors and Feasible Distances
10. Determine if R1 is a Feasible Sucessor for the Route from R2 to the 192.168.1.0 network
11. Examine the EIGRP topology table
12. Disable EIGRP Automatic Summarization
13. Configure Manual summarization

Challenge EIGRP configuration lab
1. Subnet the address space
2. Determine Interface address
3. Prepare the network
4. Perform basic router configurations
5. Configure and activate serial and ethernet address
6. Verify connectivity to Next-hop device
7. Configure EIGRP routing on the Branch1 Router
8. Configure EIGRP and static routing on the HQ router
9. Configure EIGRP routing on the BRANCH2 Router
10. Verify the configurations
11. Reflection

EIGRP troubleshooting lab

Tuesday, 4 August 2015

Eigrp lab #2
Kamu akan pernah melakukan:
1. Pemeriksaan routing tabel dari setiap router dan memastikan bahwa ada jalur ke setiap network di dalam topologi
2. Pendokumentasian nilai-nilai K default yang digunakan EIGRP
3. Pendokumentasian metrik EIGRP untuk setiap network pada setiap router

Daftar Projek Raspberry Pi yang bisa dicoba

http://pimylifeup.com/raspberry-pi-mumble-server/
http://www.itworld.com/article/2901051/create-a-home-server-with-raspberry-pi-2.html

Monday, 3 August 2015

Contents

....................................................................................

Introduction

Using the Configuration Guide

Prerequisites

Scenario

Terminology

................................................

My VPN Gateway Configuration

.......................................

Task 1 – VPN Gateway Configuration

Step 1 – Outside Interface (WAN) Settings

Step 2 – Enable VPN

Step 3 – Add an IP Address Pool

Step 4 – Add a Group Policy

Step 5 – Add a User

Step 6 – Add an IPsec Connection Profile

Step 7 – Exempt VPN Clients from NAT

........................................

Task 2 – VPN Tracker Configuration

Step 1 – Add a Connection

Step 2 – Configure the VPN Connection

Task 3 –

..........................................

Test the VPN Connection

..........................................................................

Troubleshooting

VPN Connection Fails to Establish

No Access to the Remote Network

Further Questions?

Tunnel All Networks / Host to Everywhere Connections

.......................................................

Command Line (CLI) Setup

VPN

1. Remote access

aaa new-model

aaa authentication login rtr-remote local

aaa authorization network rtr-remote local

aaa session-id common

username Cisco password 0 Cisco

crypto isakmp policy 1

encryption 3des

authentication pre-share

group 2

lifetime 480

crypto isakmp client configuration group rtr-remote

key secret-password

dns 10.50.10.1 10.60.10.1

domain company.com

pool dynpool

crypto ipsec transform-set vpn1 esp-3des esp-sha-hmac

crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 86400

crypto dynamic-map dynmap 1

set transform-set vpn1

reverse-route

crypto map static-map 1 ipsec-isakmp dynamic dynmap

crypto map dynmap isakmp authorization list rtr-remote

crypto map dynmap client configuration address respond

crypto ipsec client ezvpn ezvpnclient

connect auto

group 2 key secret-password

mode client

peer 192.168.100.1

interface fastethernet 4

crypto ipsec client ezvpn ezvpnclient outside

crypto map static-map

interface vlan 1

crypto ipsec client ezvpn ezvpnclient inside

2. Site-to-site

Figure 3-8 Site-to-Site VPN Scenario Physical Elements

Headquarters Router Configuration

hq-sanjose# show running-config

Building configuration...

Current configuration:

version 12.0

service timestamps debug uptime

service timestamps log uptime

no service password-encryption

hostname hq-sanjose

boot system flash bootflash:

boot bootldr bootflash:c7200-jk9o3s-mz.123-3

boot config slot0:hq-sanjose-cfg-small

no logging buffered

crypto isakmp policy 1

 authentication pre-share

 lifetime 84600

crypto isakmp key test12345 address 172.24.2.5

crypto ipsec transform-set proposal1 ah-sha-hmac esp-des esp-sha-hmac

mode transport

 crypto map s1first local-address Serial1/0

 crypto map s1first 1 ipsec-isakmp

 set peer 172.24.2.5

 set transform-set proposal1

 match address 101

interface Tunnel0

 bandwidth 180

 ip address 172.17.3.3 255.255.255.0

 no ip directed-broadcast

 tunnel source 172.17.2.4

 tunnel destination 172.24.2.5

 crypto map s1first

interface FastEthernet0/0

 ip address 10.1.3.3 255.255.255.0

 no ip directed-broadcast

 no keepalive

 full-duplex

 no cdp enable

interface FastEthernet0/1

 ip address 10.1.6.4 255.255.255.0

 no ip directed-broadcast

 no keepalive

 full-duplex

 no cdp enable

interface Serial1/0

 ip address 172.17.2.4 255.255.255.0

 no ip directed-broadcast

 no ip mroute-cache

 no keepalive

 fair-queue 64 256 0

 framing c-bit

 cablelength 10

 dsu bandwidth 44210

 clock source internal

 no cdp enable

 crypto map s1first

ip route 10.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 Tunnel0

access-list 101 permit gre host 172.17.2.4 host 172.24.2.5

line con 0

 transport input none

line aux 0

line vty 0 4

 login

end

Remote Office Router Configuration

ro-rtp# show running-config

Building configuration...

Current configuration:

version 12.0

service timestamps debug uptime

service timestamps log uptime

no service password-encryption

hostname ro-rtp

boot system flash bootflash:

boot bootldr bootflash:c7200-jk9o3s-mz.123-3

boot config slot0:ro-rtp-cfg-small

no logging buffered

crypto isakmp policy 1

 authentication pre-share

 lifetime 84600

crypto isakmp key test12345 address 172.17.2.4

crypto ipsec transform-set proposal1 ah-sha-hmac esp-des esp-sha-hmac

mode transport

 crypto map s1first local-address Serial1/0

 crypto map s1first 1 ipsec-isakmp

 set peer 172.17.2.4

 set transform-set proposal1

 match address 101

interface Tunnel1

 bandwidth 180

 ip address 172.24.3.6 255.255.255.0

 no ip directed-broadcast

 tunnel source 172.24.2.5

 tunnel destination 172.17.2.4

 crypto map s1first

interface FastEthernet0/0

 ip address 10.1.4.2 255.255.255.0

 no ip directed-broadcast

 no keepalive

 full-duplex

 no cdp enable

interface Serial1/0

 ip address 172.24.2.5 255.255.255.0

 no ip directed-broadcast

 no ip mroute-cache

 no keepalive

 fair-queue 64 256 0

 framing c-bit

 cablelength 10

 dsu bandwidth 44210

 clock source internal

 no cdp enable

 crypto map s1first

ip route 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0 Tunnel1

ip route 10.1.6.0 255.255.255.0 Tunnel1

access-list 101 permit gre host 172.24.2.5 host 172.17.2.4

line con 0

 transport input none

line aux 0

line vty 0 4

 login

end

Sunday, 2 August 2015

Jauhilah hal-hal berikut

sia-sia		vain, useless, fruitless, futile, ill-starred, waste
	besar kepala		stubborn, chesty, swell-headed, vainglorious, vain

	percuma		useless, vain, gratuitous, gratis

	cuma-cuma		vain, free, gratuitous

	sombong		arrogant, overbearing, proud, cocky, pompous, vain
	angkuh		arrogant, proud, haughty, imperious, cavalier, vain

	besar mulut		insolent, bombastic, chesty, swell-headed, vainglorious, vain

Saturday, 1 August 2015

1. Partai (party): a group gathered for a special purpose or task:

a fishing party; a search party.

2. Paripurna (plenary):

attended by all qualified members; fully constituted:

a plenary session of Congress.

3. Fraksi (fraction):

a part as distinct from the whole of anything; portion or section:

The meeting started with a fraction of us present.

4. Konstitusi (Constitution)

the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, corporation, or the like, is governed.

Thursday, 23 July 2015

Rupa-rupa orang membaca alkitab

1. Mencari kesaktian
2. Mencari keselamatan jiwa dan roh
3. Mencari cara melumpuhkan musuh
4. Mencari cara bertani
5. Mencari informasi kapan akhir zaman / kiamat
6. Mencari apa yang benar
7. Mencari cara masuk sorga

Rupa-rupa orang membaca alkitab:
1. Mencari kesaktian
2. Mencari keselamatan jiwa dan roh
3. Mencari cara melumpuhkan musuh
4. Mencari cara bertani
5. Mencari informasi kapan akhir zaman / kiamat
6. Mencari jawaban/jalan keluar dari suatu problem/permasalahan yang mengancam
7. Mencari cara masuk sorga
8. Mengenal siapa Tuhan itu
9. Melegalkan perbuatan yang salah
10. Membaca lika-liku perjalanan suku bangsa Israel
11. Mengenal bagaimana sifat murid-murid Yesus
12. Mengetahui sejarah penciptaan
13. Mengetahui tokoh-tokoh sebelum jaman masehi
14. Mengusir roh-roh jahat / setan-setan
15. Mengetahui 10 hukum dasar
Sumber: pengalaman pribadi

Troubleshooting Frame Relay Connections with Cisco IOS debug Commands

Bagian terakhir ini membahas masalah umum dan masalah yang dihadapi pada jaringan Frame Relay dan bagaimana beberapa IOS perintah debug digunakan untuk koneksi Relay troubleshooting Frame.
Secara umum, perintah debug digunakan pada router Cisco hanya untuk tujuan diagnostik dan pemecahan masalah. Selama operasi normal, semua perintah men-debug harus dimatikan. Perintah Debug menghasilkan overhead yang besar dengan mengambil siklus CPU pada router. Mengaktifkan banyak perintah men-debug sekaligus dapat membanjiri router dan mempengaruhi kinerjanya.
Bila menggunakan perintah debug, pengguna memiliki beberapa pilihan untuk penebangan pesan debug. Pesan debug dapat login langsung ke konsol router, login ke monitor jika router diakses melalui Telnet, login ke server syslog di jaringan, atau disimpan dalam buffer. Menyimpan pesan debug dalam buffer adalah pilihan yang menarik karena ia menciptakan lebih sedikit overhead. Hal ini di luar cakupan buku ini untuk membahas metodologi pemecahan masalah dari Cisco IOS secara rinci

debug frame-relay events
The debug frame-relay events EXEC mode command can be used to identify the cause of end-to-end connection problems during installations of Frame Relay networks. When the router is using Frame Relay dynamic addressing, the debug frame-relay events displays information about Frame Relay Inverse ARP packets exchanged between the local router and the Frame Relay network.

Use the no form of the debug frame-relay events command to disable the debugging output. Example 4-35 shows a sample debug output of the debug frame-relay events command.
Example 4-35 Sample Output of debug frame-relay events Command

Wednesday, 22 July 2015

Ketika suatu perusahaan tumbuh untuk mencakup kantor cabang, layanan e-commerce, atau operasi global, jaringan LAN tunggal tidak lagi cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bisnis. Wide area network (WAN) akses telah menjadi penting untuk bisnis yang lebih besar saat ini.Ada berbagai teknologi WAN untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang berbeda dari bisnis dan banyak cara untuk skala jaringan. Menambahkan akses WAN memperkenalkan pertimbangan lain, seperti keamanan jaringan dan manajemen alamat. Akibatnya, merancang WAN dan memilih layanan jaringan operator yang benar bukanlah hal yang mudah.Dalam bab ini, Anda akan mulai menjelajahi beberapa pilihan yang tersedia untuk merancang WAN perusahaan, teknologi yang tersedia untuk melaksanakannya, dan terminologi yang digunakan untuk mendiskusikannya. Anda akan belajar tentang memilih yang tepat teknologi WAN, layanan, dan perangkat untuk memenuhi perubahan kebutuhan bisnis suatu perusahaan berkembang. Kegiatan dan laboratorium mengkonfirmasi dan memperkuat belajar Anda.Setelah menyelesaikan bab ini, Anda akan dapat mengidentifikasi dan menggambarkan teknologi WAN yang sesuai untuk mengaktifkan layanan WAN yang terintegrasi melalui jaringan perusahaan multilokasi.

Jelaskan bagaimana arsitektur enterprise Cisco menyediakan layanan terintegrasi melalui jaringan perusahaan.

Jelaskan kunci konsep teknologi WAN.

Pilih teknologi WAN yang tepat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bisnis perusahaan yang berbeda.

Apa itu WAN?Sebuah WAN adalah jaringan komunikasi data yang beroperasi di luar lingkup geografis dari LAN.WAN berbeda dari LAN dalam beberapa cara. Sementara LAN menghubungkan komputer, peripheral, dan perangkat lain dalam satu gedung atau wilayah geografis kecil lainnya, WAN memungkinkan transmisi data melintasi jarak geografis yang lebih besar. Selain itu, perusahaan harus berlangganan ke penyedia layanan WAN menggunakan WAN layanan jaringan operator. LAN biasanya dimiliki oleh perusahaan atau organisasi yang menggunakan mereka.WAN menggunakan fasilitas yang disediakan oleh penyedia layanan, atau operator, seperti perusahaan telepon atau kabel, untuk menghubungkan lokasi dari suatu organisasi satu sama lain, untuk lokasi dari organisasi lain, untuk layanan eksternal, dan untuk pengguna jauh. WAN umumnya membawa berbagai jenis lalu lintas, seperti suara, data, dan video.Berikut adalah tiga karakteristik utama dari WAN:WAN umumnya menghubungkan perangkat yang dipisahkan oleh wilayah geografis yang lebih luas daripada yang bisa dilayani oleh LAN.WAN menggunakan jasa operator, seperti perusahaan telepon, perusahaan kabel, sistem satelit, dan penyedia jaringan.WAN menggunakan koneksi serial dari berbagai jenis untuk menyediakan akses bandwidth di daerah geografis yang luas.Mengapa WAN Diperlukan?Teknologi LAN menyediakan baik kecepatan dan efisiensi biaya untuk transmisi data dalam organisasi di daerah geografis yang relatif kecil. Namun, ada kebutuhan bisnis lainnya yang membutuhkan komunikasi antara situs remote, termasuk yang berikut:Orang-orang di kantor regional atau cabang organisasi harus mampu berkomunikasi dan berbagi data dengan situs pusat.Organisasi sering ingin berbagi informasi dengan organisasi lain melintasi jarak yang besar. Misalnya, produsen perangkat lunak secara rutin menyampaikan informasi produk dan promosi untuk distributor yang menjual produk mereka kepada pengguna akhir.Karyawan yang melakukan perjalanan bisnis perusahaan sering perlu untuk mengakses informasi yang berada pada jaringan perusahaan mereka.Selain itu, pengguna komputer rumah harus mengirim dan menerima data melintasi jarak yang semakin besar. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh:Sekarang umum di banyak rumah tangga bagi konsumen untuk berkomunikasi dengan bank, toko-toko, dan berbagai penyedia barang dan jasa melalui komputer.Mahasiswa melakukan penelitian untuk kelas dengan mengakses indeks perpustakaan dan publikasi yang terletak di bagian lain dari negara mereka dan di bagian lain dunia.Karena jelas tidak layak untuk menghubungkan komputer di seluruh negara atau di seluruh dunia dengan cara yang sama bahwa komputer yang terhubung dalam LAN dengan kabel, teknologi yang berbeda telah berevolusi untuk mendukung kebutuhan ini. Semakin, internet digunakan sebagai alternatif murah untuk menggunakan sebuah perusahaan WAN untuk beberapa aplikasi. Teknologi baru yang tersedia untuk usaha untuk menyediakan keamanan dan privasi untuk komunikasi dan transaksi internet mereka. WAN digunakan sendiri, atau dalam konser dengan internet, memungkinkan organisasi dan individu untuk memenuhi wide-area kebutuhan komunikasi mereka.

Bisnis dan Jaringan merekaSebagai perusahaan tumbuh, mereka mempekerjakan lebih banyak karyawan, kantor cabang terbuka, dan memperluas ke pasar global. Perubahan ini juga mempengaruhi kebutuhan mereka untuk layanan terpadu dan mendorong kebutuhan jaringan mereka. Dalam topik ini, kita akan membahas bagaimana jaringan perusahaan mengubah untuk mengakomodasi perubahan kebutuhan bisnis mereka.Setiap bisnis yang unik dan bagaimana suatu organisasi tumbuh tergantung pada banyak faktor, seperti jenis produk atau jasa bisnis menjual, filosofi manajemen dari pemilik, dan iklim ekonomi negara di mana bisnis beroperasi.Di masa ekonomi yang lambat, banyak perusahaan fokus pada peningkatan profitabilitas mereka dengan meningkatkan efisiensi operasi yang sudah ada, meningkatkan produktivitas karyawan, dan menurunkan biaya operasi. Membangun dan mengelola jaringan dapat mewakili biaya instalasi dan operasi yang signifikan. Untuk membenarkan biaya besar seperti, perusahaan berharap jaringan mereka untuk tampil maksimal dan dapat memberikan sebuah array yang semakin meningkat dari layanan dan aplikasi untuk mendukung produktivitas dan profitabilitas.Untuk menggambarkan, mari kita lihat contoh sebuah perusahaan fiktif bernama Span Teknik, dan melihat bagaimana persyaratan jaringan berubah sebagai perusahaan tumbuh dari bisnis lokal kecil menjadi perusahaan global.Klik tab pada gambar untuk melihat setiap tahap pertumbuhan dan topologi jaringan yang terkait.Kantor Kecil (Single LAN)Span Engineering, sebuah perusahaan konsultan lingkungan, telah mengembangkan proses khusus untuk mengkonversi limbah rumah tangga menjadi listrik dan mengembangkan proyek percontohan kecil untuk pemerintah kota di daerah lokal. Perusahaan, yang telah dalam bisnis selama empat tahun, telah berkembang untuk memasukkan 15 karyawan: enam insinyur, empat gambar (CAD) desainer dibantu komputer, resepsionis, dua mitra senior, dan dua asisten kantor.Manajemen Span Engineering berharap bahwa mereka akan memiliki proyek skala penuh setelah proyek percontohan berhasil menunjukkan kelayakan proses mereka. Sampai saat itu, perusahaan harus mengelola biaya dengan hati-hati.Untuk kantor kecil mereka, Span Teknik menggunakan LAN tunggal untuk berbagi informasi antara komputer, dan untuk berbagi peripheral, seperti printer, plotter skala besar (untuk mencetak gambar teknik), dan peralatan faks. Mereka baru-baru ini ditingkatkan LAN mereka untuk memberikan suara murah melalui IP (VoIP) untuk menghemat biaya saluran telepon terpisah untuk karyawan mereka.Koneksi ke Internet melalui layanan broadband umum disebut Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), yang disediakan oleh penyedia layanan telepon lokal mereka. Dengan begitu sedikit karyawan, bandwidth bukan masalah yang signifikan.Perusahaan tidak mampu teknologi informasi (TI) staf pendukung di-rumah, dan menggunakan layanan dukungan yang dibeli dari penyedia layanan yang sama. Perusahaan juga menggunakan layanan hosting daripada membeli dan mengoperasikan FTP dan e-mail server sendiri. Angka ini menunjukkan contoh dari kantor kecil dan jaringan.Kampus (Multiple LAN)Lima tahun kemudian, Span Teknik telah berkembang dengan pesat. Sebagai pemilik berharap, perusahaan ini dikontrak untuk merancang dan menerapkan fasilitas konversi sampah berukuran penuh setelah keberhasilan pelaksanaan pilot plant pertama mereka. Sejak itu, proyek-proyek lainnya juga telah menang di kota tetangga dan di bagian lain negara.Untuk menangani beban kerja tambahan, bisnis telah mempekerjakan lebih banyak staf dan menyewa ruang kantor yang lebih. Ini sekarang menjadi kecil untuk bisnis menengah dengan beberapa ratus karyawan. Banyak proyek yang sedang dikembangkan pada saat yang sama, dan masing-masing membutuhkan manajer proyek dan staf pendukung. Perusahaan telah menyelenggarakan sendiri ke departemen fungsional, dengan masing-masing departemen memiliki tim organisasi sendiri. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tumbuh, perusahaan telah pindah ke beberapa lantai dari gedung kantor yang lebih besar.Sebagai bisnis telah berkembang, jaringan juga telah berkembang. Alih-alih LAN kecil tunggal, jaringan sekarang terdiri dari beberapa subjaringan, masing-masing dikhususkan untuk departemen yang berbeda. Sebagai contoh, semua staf teknik berada pada satu LAN, sementara staf pemasaran di LAN lain. Ini beberapa LAN bergabung untuk membuat jaringan, atau kampus seluruh perusahaan, yang meliputi beberapa lantai bangunan.Bisnis sekarang memiliki staf TI di-rumah untuk mendukung dan memelihara jaringan. Jaringan ini mencakup server untuk e-mail, transfer data dan penyimpanan file, perangkat produktivitas berbasis web dan aplikasi, serta untuk intranet perusahaan untuk memberikan in-house dokumen dan informasi kepada karyawan. Selain itu, perusahaan memiliki extranet yang menyediakan informasi proyek hanya untuk pelanggan yang ditunjuk.Cabang (WAN)Lima tahun kemudian, Span Teknik telah begitu sukses dengan proses dipatenkan bahwa permintaan untuk layanan telah meroket, dan proyek-proyek baru yang sekarang sedang dibangun di kota-kota lainnya. Untuk mengelola proyek-proyek, perusahaan telah membuka kantor cabang kecil lebih dekat dengan lokasi proyek.Situasi ini menyajikan tantangan baru untuk tim IT. Untuk mengelola penyampaian informasi dan layanan di seluruh perusahaan, Span Teknik kini memiliki pusat data, yang merupakan tempat berbagai database dan server perusahaan. Untuk memastikan bahwa semua bagian dari bisnis dapat mengakses layanan yang sama dan aplikasi tanpa memperhatikan tempat kantor berada, perusahaan sekarang perlu untuk mengimplementasikan WAN.Untuk kantor cabang yang berada di kota-kota di dekatnya, perusahaan memutuskan untuk menggunakan jalur khusus swasta melalui penyedia layanan lokal mereka. Namun, bagi mereka kantor yang berlokasi di negara-negara lain, Internet sekarang merupakan pilihan koneksi WAN yang menarik. Meskipun menghubungkan kantor melalui Internet ekonomis, memperkenalkan masalah keamanan dan privasi yang tim TI harus alamat.Distributed (Global)Span Mesin kini telah berada di bisnis selama 20 tahun dan telah berkembang ribuan karyawan didistribusikan di kantor-kantor di seluruh dunia. Biaya jaringan dan layanan terkait sekarang menjadi beban signifikan. Perusahaan ini sekarang mencari untuk menyediakan karyawan dengan layanan jaringan terbaik dengan biaya terendah. Layanan jaringan dioptimalkan akan memungkinkan setiap karyawan untuk bekerja pada efisiensi yang tinggi.Untuk meningkatkan profitabilitas, Span Teknik perlu mengurangi biaya operasi. Ini telah pindah beberapa fasilitas kantor untuk daerah yang lebih murah. Perusahaan ini juga mendorong teleworking dan tim virtual. Aplikasi berbasis web, termasuk web-conferencing, e-learning, dan alat-alat kolaborasi online, yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan mengurangi biaya. Situs-untuk-situs dan remote akses Virtual Private Networks (VPN) memungkinkan perusahaan untuk menggunakan Internet untuk terhubung dengan mudah dan aman dengan karyawan dan fasilitas di seluruh dunia. Untuk memenuhi persyaratan ini, jaringan harus menyediakan layanan konvergensi yang diperlukan dan aman konektivitas internet WAN ke kantor jauh dan individu.Sebagaimana telah kita lihat dari contoh ini, persyaratan jaringan perusahaan dapat berubah secara dramatis sebagai perusahaan tumbuh dari waktu ke waktu. Mendistribusikan karyawan menghemat biaya dalam banyak hal, tetapi menempatkan tuntutan peningkatan pada jaringan. Tidak hanya jaringan harus memenuhi sehari-hari kebutuhan operasional bisnis, tapi perlu untuk dapat beradaptasi dan tumbuh sebagai perubahan perusahaan. Desainer jaringan dan administrator memenuhi tantangan ini dengan hati-hati memilih teknologi jaringan, protokol, dan penyedia layanan, dan dengan mengoptimalkan jaringan mereka menggunakan banyak teknik yang kami ajarkan dalam seri ini kursus. Topik berikutnya menggambarkan model jaringan untuk merancang jaringan yang dapat mengakomodasi perubahan kebutuhan bisnis saat ini berkembang.

Tuesday, 21 July 2015

ANAKMU MENGENALKAN SIAPA DIRIMU...

DEAR PARA ORANG TUA...
ANAKMU MENGENALKAN SIAPA DIRIMU...
1. Jika anakmu BERBOHONG,
itu karena engkau MENGHUKUMNYA terlalu BERAT.
2. Jika anakmu TIDAK PERCAYA DIRI,
itu karena engkau TIDAK MEMBERI dia SEMANGAT
3. Jika anakmu KURANG BERBICARA,
itu karena engkau TIDAK MENGAJAKNYA BERBICARA
4. Jika anakmu MENCURI,
itu karena engkau TIDAK MENGAJARINYA MEMBERI.
5. Jika anakmu PENGECUT,
itu karena engkau selalu MEMBELANYA.
6. Jika anakmu TIDAK MENGHARGAI ORANG LAIN,
itu karena engkau BERBICARA TERLALU KERAS KEPADANYA.
7. Jika anakmu MARAH,
itu karena engkau KURANG MEMUJINYA.
8. Jika anakmu SUKA BERBICARA PEDAS,
itu karena engkau TIDAK BERBAGI DENGANNYA.
9. Jika anakmu MENGASARI ORANG LAIN,
itu karena engkau SUKA MELAKUKAN KEKERASAN TERHADAPNYA.
10. Jika anakmu LEMAH,
itu karena engkau SUKA MENGANCAMNYA.
11. Jika anakmu CEMBURU,
itu karena engkau MENELANTARKANNYA.
12. Jika anakmu MENGANGGUMU,
itu karena engkau KURANG MENCIUM & MEMELUKNYA
13. Jika anakmu TIDAK MEMATUHIMU,
itu karena engkau MENUNTUT TERLALU BANYAK padanya.
14. Jika anakmu TERTUTUP,
itu karena engkau TERLALU SIBUK.
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