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Link-state routing protocol summary

Summary

Link-state routing protocols are also known as shortest path first protocols and are built around Edsger Dijkstra's shortest path first (SPF) algorithm. There are two link-state routing protocols for IP: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and IS-IS (Intermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System).

The link-state process can be summarized as follows:

1. Each router learns about its own directly connected networks.

2. Each router is responsible for "saying hello" to its neighbors on directly connected networks.

3. Each router builds a Link-State Packet (LSP) containing the state of each directly connected link.

4. Each router floods the LSP to all neighbors, who then store all LSPs received in a database.

5. Each router uses the database to construct a complete map of the topology and computes the best path to each destination network.

A link is an interface on the router. A link-state is the information about that interface including its IP address and subnet mask, the type of network, the cost associated with the link, and any neighbor routers on that link.

Each router determines its own link-states and floods the information to all other routers in the area. As a result, each router builds a link-state database (LSDB) containing the link-state information from all other routers. Each router will have identical LSDBs. Using the information in the LSDB, each router will run the SPF algorithm. The SPF algorithm will create an SPF tree, with the router at the root of the tree. As each link is connected to other links, the SPF tree is created. Once the SPF tree is completed, the router can determine on its own the best path to each network in the tree. This best path information is then stored in the router's routing table.

Link-state routing protocols build a local topology map of the network that allows each router to determine the best path to a given network. A new LSP is sent only when there is a change in the topology. When a link is added, removed or modified, the router will flood the new LSP to all other routers. When a router receives the new LSP, it will update is LSDB, rerun the SPF algorithm, create a new SPF tree, and update its routing table.

Link-state routing protocols tend to have a faster convergence time than distance vector routing protocols. A notable exception is EIGRP. However, link-state routing protocols do require more memory and processing requirements. This is usually not an issue with today's newer routers.

In the next and final chapter of this course, you will learn about the link-state routing protocol, OSPF.

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Configure OSPF pada jaringan multiaccess(Ethernet/LAN)

Tugas 1: Mempersiapkan network
Di kondisi nyata: Mounting perangkat kedalam rak, colok-colok kabel dari perangkat satu ke perangkat yang lain sesuai dengan gambar topology diagram, colok kabel power, nyalakan perangkat (powering up).

Di kondisi simulasi (packet tracer): Keluarkan perangkat kepada main window, colok-colok kabel dari perangkat satu ke perangkat yang lain sesuai dengan gambar, tidak ada colok kabel power, tidak perlu nyalakan perangkat (karena sudah secara otomatis nyala)

Catatan: di topologi ini kita punya tiga ruter menggunakan jaringan multiakses ethernet yang sama.
  
Tugas 2: Konfigurasi alamat ethernet, alamat loopback and mengaktifkan interface
Langkah 1: Mengkonfigurasi interface tiap router dan mengaktifkannya
Pada tugas ini kita mengkonfigurasi interface ethernet tiap router (R1, R2 dan R3) dan mengaktifkannya atau meng-no shutdown-nya dan memberi alamat IP sesuai dengan tabel diatas.

Langkah 2: Memeriksa benar apa salah (verifikasi) alamat IP interface-interface yang kita konfigurasi pada step 1 sebelumnya
show ip interface brief

Jangan lupa untuk menyimpan konfigurasi ruter-ruter diatas ke NVRAM dengan perintah copy run start

Tugas 3: Mengkonfigurasi OSPF di setiap ruter (R1, R2, dan R3)

R1
R1(config)# router ospf 1
R1(config-interface)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-interface)# end

R2
R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)# end

R3
R3(config)# router ospf 1
R3(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3(config-router)# end

Tugas 4: Melihat ruter mana yang menjadi ruter DR dengan menggunakan perintah dibawah ini pada setiap ruter

R1# show ip interface ospf
R2# show ip interface ospf
R3# show ip interface ospf

Kenapa R3 menjadi DR? Karena R3 belum memiliki interface loopback dan mempunyai alamat IP tertinggi.

Contoh output show ip interface ospf pada R3

Tugas 5: mengganti siapa ruter DR dan siapa ruter BDR saat ini

R1# configure terminal
R1(config)# interface f0/0
R1(config-if)# ip ospf interface priority 255
R1(config-if)# end

R2# configure terminal
R2(config)# interface f0/0
R1(config-if)# ip ospf interface priority 0

R3# configure terminal
R3(config)# interface f0/0
R3(config-if)# ip ospf interface priority 100

Jika kamu tidak shutdown dan no shutdown interface, tidak akan terjadi perubahan (R3 tetap menjadi DR dan R2 tetap menjadi BDR). Kenapa? karena proses pemilihan DR atau BDR hanya terjadi ketika interface di-restart atau ketika router dikonfigurasi dengan perintah network ....


Tugas 6: Mencilukba (memverifikasi) siapa yang menjadi DR dan BDR sekarang
R1#show ip ospf interface
R2# show ip ospf interface
R3# show ip ospf interface

Task 4: Configure OSPF on the DR router
Step 1: Use the router ospf command in global configuration mode to enable OSPF on the R3 router

R3(config)# router ospf 1
R3(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3(config-router)# end
R3#



Step 2: Use the show ip ospf interface command to verify that the OSPF has been configured correctly and that R3 is the DR

R3# show ip ospf interface

Task 5: Configure OSPF on the BDR router
Step 1: Use the router ospf command in global configuration mode to enable ospf on the R2 router
R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)# end

Step 2: Use the show ip ospf interface command to verify that the OSPF has been configured correctly and that R2 is the BDR

R2# show ip ospf interface

Step 3: Use the show ip ospf neighbors command in global configuration mode to view information about the other routers in the OSPF area

R2# show ip ospf neighbors

Task 6: Configure OSPF on the DRother router
Step 1: Use the router ospf command in global configuration mode to enable OSPF on the R1 router
R1(config)# router ospf 1
R1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-route)# end

Step 2: Use the show ip ospf interface command to verify that the OSPF has been configured correctly and that R1 is a DRother

R1# show ip ospf interface

Step 3: use the show ip ospf neighbors command in global configuration mode to view information about the other routers in the OSPF area.

R1# show ip ospf neighbors

Task 7: Use the OSPF priority to determine the R1 sebagai DR and R3 sebagai BDR
Step 1: Use the ip ospf interface command to change the OSPF priority of the R1 router to 255

R1(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)# ip ospf priority 255
R1(config-if)# end

Step 2: Use the ip ospf priority interface command to change the OSFP priority of the R3 router to 100
R3(config)# interface f0/0
R3(config-if)# ip ospf priority 100
R3(config-if)# end
R3(config)#

Step 3: Use the ip ospf priority interface command to change the OSPF priority of the R2 router to 0
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet0/0
R2(config-if)#ip ospf priority 0
R2(config-if)#end

Step 4: Shut down and re-enable the fastethernet0/0 interfaces to force an OSPF election
R1(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)# shutdown

R2
R2(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0
R2(config-if)# shutdown

R3
R3(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0
R3(config-if)# shutdown

Step 5: Re-enable the fastethernet 0/0 interface on the R2 router
R2(config-if)# no shut
R2(config-if)# end

Step 6: Re-enable the fastethernet 0/0 interface on the R1 router
R1(config-if)# no shut

Step 7: Use show ip ospf neighbor command on the R1 router to view the OSPF neighbor information for that router

R1# show ip ospf neighbor

Step 8: Re-enable the fastethernet 0/0 interface on the R3 router
R3(config-if)# no shutdown

Step 9: Use the show ip ospf interface command on the R3 router to verify that R3 has become BDR
R3# show ip ospf interface