Integer constant
- Leading sign (optional)
- One or more digit
- Radix (h, d, b, r, ...)

Integer expression
- Integer value and their arithmetic operation

Contoh: +, - , /, *

Constant expression
-

Real number constant
Real number constant = presented as decimal number constant
[sign]integer.[integer][exponent]
sign = {+,-}

Example:
+3.0
-44.2E+3

Character constant

String constant

Identifiers
A programmer chosen name.
Might identify a variable, constant, procedure, or a code label
Example:
_main
myVar


Directives
can define: variable, macros, and procedures
can assign name to memory segment
don't executed at run time

Example:
.data, .DATA, .
DWORD

Part 2:
.data
.code
.segment 100h

Instruction
- Label
- Mnemonic
- Operand
- Comment

Basic syntax:
[label:] mnemonic [operands][;comment]

Label
- code label
    Used as jump

Mnemonic
mov = move

Operand
Instruction can have zero operand, two operand, three operand, each of which can be a register, memory operand, constant expression, or input-output port.

Contoh:
96
2 + 4 constant expression
eax register
count memory

Learn assembly: Instal MASM

http://www.masm32.com/masmdl.htm

Computer Viruses

1. Trojan
Can be made with: Batch program
What is: Crasher of someone system.

Examples:
@echo off
del C:/Windows/


2. Medicine without anti virus
1. Suspicious:
- drive C usually does not contain .inf files or .exe files
-


2. Spyware
How to detect?

3. Malware
How to detect?

Stack

Is just an area,
Everytime you add data to the stack, the stack pointer increment to

Assembly components

1. Opcode mnemonic
2. Extended mnemonic
3. Data directive
4. Assembly directive

1. Opcode mnemonic
mnemonic is symbolic name for a single executable machine language instruction (op code)

operands = {
pseudo-ops
- begin with dot,

Assembly directive
- pseudo-ops can make assembly of the program dependent on parameters input by a programmer (pseudo-ops = command line arguments on C)
-

Starting linux

Transfer control to OS kernel in RAM
Q: how to transfer control to OS code?

Prepare parameters for OS loading

PC boot sequence

Minimum peripheral initialization
Q: How to initialize ethernet card?

Kernel is part of the system that controls hardware, resource like memory pages and CPU cycles, and usually is responsible for the file system and network communication.

LTE

Basic Parameter
Network Architecture
Roaming Architecture
Numbering & Addressing
Radio Protocol Architecture
Protocol Stack Layers
Layers Data Flow
Communication Channels
OFDM Technology